Genomics

Application and Solution Series

Genomics Application and Solution series

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Significant events in Genomics

1865

Gregory Mendel publishes evidence for the discreteness and combinatorial rules of inherited traits.[1]

1879

Fleming visualized chromosomes and was the first to detail how chromosome behave during animal cell division (mitosis).[2]

1900

Carl Correns, Hugo de Vries & Erich von Tschermak discover Mendel's principles: this important event marks the beginning of modern genetics.[3]

1910

Thomas Hunt Morgan shows that genes reside on chromosomes.[4]

1953

Watson and Crick determine that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a double-strand helix of nucleotides.[5]

1970

Restriction enzymes were discovered in studies of a bacterium, Haemophilus influenzae, enabling scientists to cut and paste DNA.[6]

1983

Kary Banks Mullis invents the polymerase chain reaction enabling the easy amplification of DNA.[7]

1995

The genome of bacterium Haemophilus influenzae is the first genome of a free living organism to be sequenced.[8]

1996

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a yeast species, is the first eukaryote genome sequence to be released.[9]

1998

Caenorhabditis elegans becomes the first animal whose genome is totally sequenced.[10]

2003

Successful completion of Human Genome Project with 99% of the genome sequenced to a 99.99% accuracy.[11]


  1. Mendel, G., 1866, Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden. Verh. Naturforsch. Ver. Brünn 4: 3–47 (in English in 1901, J. R. Hortic. Soc. 26: 1–32)
  2. National Human Genome Research Institute (NIH), Dynamic timeline, www.genome.gov
  3. Roberts, H. F. Plant Hybridization before Mendel. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1929.
  4. Miko, I. (2008) Thomas Hunt Morgan and sex linkage. Nature Education 1(1):143
  5. Watson, JD, Crick, FH (Apr 1953). "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid". Nature 171 (4356): 737–8.
  6. Pray, L. (2008) Restriction enzymes. Nature Education 1(1):38
  7. Ma Hongbao The Journal of American Science, 1(3), 2005, Development Application of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
  8. Fleischmann RD, Adams MD, White O, et al. (July 1995). "Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd". Science 269 (5223): 496–512
  9. Goffeau, A.; Barrell, B. G.; Bussey, H.; Davis, R. W.; Dujon, B.; Feldmann, H.; Galibert, F.; Hoheisel, J. D.; Jacq, C.; Johnston, M.; Louis, E. J.; Mewes, H. W.; Murakami, Y.; Philippsen, P.; Tettelin, H.; Oliver, S. G. (1996). "Life with 6000 Genes". Science 274(5287): 546, 563–7.
  10. Consortium, T. C. e. S. 1998. Genome sequence of the nematode C. elegans: a platform for investigating biology. Science 282:2012-8.
  11. National Human Genome Research Institute (NIH), News Release 2003, www.genome.gov

Genomics in numbers

Genomics in numbers
Nucleic Acid Purification

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Amplification

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Cloning

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Electrophoresis

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